macOS

Resources

purge

https://github.com/emred/osx-hack/blob/master/hack.sh
https://gist.github.com/brandonb927/3195465#file-osx-for-hackers-sh
Mac system defaults tricks
osx - The time using 'Set date and time automatically' differs between OS X and iOS - Ask Different
https://archive.is/20150913113549/http://osxnotes.net/
https://github.com/herrbischoff/awesome-osx-command-line
A practical guide to securing macOS
Self-hosting Apple Software Updates https://github.com/wdas/reposado
Startup key combinations for Mac - Apple Support
Macs – The Eclectic Light Company
Mac OS X - ForensicsWiki
awesome-macos-command-line - Use your macOS terminal shell to do awesome things.

Time Machine

Informations

(Using AFP only) These presumably allow the disk image engine to force disk image journal data to write out all the way to the disk. Without such features, a network interruption can result in a corrupted filesystem on the disk image despite journaling. Remember, journaling relies on the journal being written all the way to disk before the changes take place. If you can't guarantee that (e.g., because of network/NAS buffering) then the journal is useless. Time Machine appears to rely heavily on disk journaling to deal with network drop-outs, interrupted backups, and the like. Take this away and your data is at risk.

Time Machine (OS X) — Wikipedia
Time Machine Information | The Matrix Data Bank
Apple OSX and Time Machine Tips Apple OSX and Time Machine Tips
(association between backupbundle and the machine via UUID) Snow Leopard Time Machine Tweaks | Missives
Dissecting Time Machine & Replacing It With rsync | Mr. Backup Blog
Format SparseBundle
An Easier Way to Set Up Time Machine to Back Up to a Networked Windows Computer
I learned all about Time (Machine) so you don't have to | The Occasional Blog
Mass Deploying Time Machine in Mac OS X Lion | krypted.com
Time Machine 10.8 – Part 3 – Advanced Features > Amsys
sudo log stream --predicate 'subsystem=="com.apple.TimeMachine"' --info (to exit: enter exit + return)
automount remote disk at /Volumes/.timemachine/{remote-machine-name}
TM process name: com.apple.backupd.
Open system.log with Console.app, search for backupd
ignore disk to be a TM target: touch ".com.apple.timemachine.donotpresent" in the root of the disk
.com.apple.timemachine.supported if the folder must be backup by Time Machine
current files used by Time Machine sudo fs_usage -w -f filesys backupd
files ignored by TM with extended attribute sudo mdfind "com_apple_backup_excludeItem = 'com.apple.backupd'"
The ins and outs of using tmutil to backup, restore, and review Time Machine backups - krypted
Consolation, T2M2, Ulbow and log utilities – The Eclectic Light Company - T2M2 (TheTimeMachineMechanic) summarise TM logs, Mints
TM-Utilities - Arthur Rosel, Ltd.
Time Machine.md

Time Machine backup reliability:

Similar tools

Time Machine for every Unix out there - IMHO .snapshots/daily.0/

#!/bin/sh
date=`date "+%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"`
HOME=/home/user/
rsync -aP \
	--link-dest=$HOME/Backups/current\
	$HOME $HOME/Backups/back-$date.incomplete
mv $HOME/Backups/back-$date.incomplete $HOME/Backups/back-$date
ln -sf back-$date $HOME/Backups/current

#!/bin/sh
date=`date "+%Y-%m-%dT%H_%M_%S"`
HOME=/home/user/
rsync -azP \
	--delete \
	--delete-excluded \
	--exclude-from=$HOME/.rsync/exclude \
	--link-dest=../current \
	$HOME user@backupserver:Backups/incomplete_back-$date \
&& ssh user@backupserver \
	"mv Backups/incomplete_back-$date Backups/back-$date \
	&& ln -sf back-$date Backups/current"

osx - Using rsync to backup - Ask Different
How to install & compile rsync on Mac OSX - Install rsync 3.x on macOS without macport or brew
In Win 8+ use File History. It use Shadow Copy Service and backupd to VHD format. See also Backup and Restore and File History
backup - Does an equivalent of Time Machine exist for Windows? - Super User
duplicity: Main
Déjà Vu
Fake Time Machine - "Fake Time Machine, a way to duplicate the functionality of Apple's Time Machine using rsync, which also might make it cross-platform, but also lets you run it to any remote server "
Dissecting Time Machine & Replacing It With rsync - Backup Central
Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting. and FlyBack — Wikipedia
samdoran/rsync-time-machine: Backup mimicking Time Machine from Mac OS X using rsync (see also https://github.com/samdoran/rsync-time-machine/commit/3610f7c73c2b1f8617c7462d880e12e73611d6b4#commitcomment-13078199 and https://github.com/minolasoft/rsync-time-machine)
basnijholt/rsync-time-machine.py: Time Machine-style backups using rsync
laurent22/rsync-time-backup: Time Machine style backup with rsync.
TimeVault - Ubuntu Wiki
List of backup software — Wikipedia
Backing Up Your Mac: The Online Appendixes
iBackup
rsnapshot | rsnapshot
Cronopete

GUI for rsync

arRsync (for the source code, see arrsync-X.X.X.tar.gz and arrsync-X.X.X.tar.bz2)
https://github.com/mileswu/arrsync
Documentation by rsyncOSX
OPByte: Grsync rsync GUI interface frontend for Linux, Windows and Mac OS X

Include files and folders

Included by default:

From $IBACKUP_APP/Contents/Resources/System Settings/ iBackup

Address Book (Cards, Groups, Plug-Ins)

~/Library/Address Book Plug-Ins
~/Library/Application Support/AddressBook
~/Library/Preferences/AddressBookMe.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.AddressBook.plist

Dashboard

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.dashboard.client.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.dashboard.plist
~/Library/Widgets

Desktop Pictures
```
~/Library/Desktop Pictures
```
Fonts
```
~/Library/Fonts
```

Keychains

~/Library/Keychains
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.keychainaccess.plist

Mail (Accounts, Mailboxes, Messages)

~/Library/Mail
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.mail.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.mail.searchhistory
~/Library/Mail Downloads

Printers

~/Library/Printers
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.print.custompresets.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.print.PrintCenter.plist

Safari (Bookmarks, History, Preferences)

~/Library/Safari
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Safari.plist
~/Library/Cookies

Screen Savers
```
~/Library/Screen Savers
```

System Preferences (Bluetooth, Dock, Services ...)

~/Library/Application Support/Apple
~/Library/Logs
~/Library/PreferencePanes
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.ActivityMonitor.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.airport.adminutility.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.AppleShareClient
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Aperture.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.BezelServices.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Bluetooth.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.BluetoothFileExchange.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.BluetoothFirmwareUpdater.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.calculator.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Console.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.desktop.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.DiskUtility.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.dock.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.DotMacSync.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.driver.AppleHIDMouse.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.finder.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.FolderActions.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.FontBook.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.frontrow.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.help.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.helpviewer.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.HIToolbox.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.InterfaceBuilder.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.InterfaceBuilder3
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.internetconfig.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.internetconfigpriv.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.MenuBarClock.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.menuextra.battery.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.menuextra.textinput.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.PhotoBooth.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.NetworkUtility.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.preference.desktopscreeneffect
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Preview.bookmarks.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Preview.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.PropertyListEditor.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.recentitems.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.scheduler.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.ScriptEditor2.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Sherlock.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.sidebarlists.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.spotlight.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.symbolichotkeys.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.systempreferences.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.systemuiserver.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Terminal.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.TextEdit.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.universalaccess.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.x11.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Xcode.plist
~/Library/Preferences/loginwindow.plist
~/Library/Preferences/Sherlock
~/Library/Recent Servers
~/Library/Services
~/Library/Scripts
~/Library/Spotlight
/Library/Preferences/com.apple.sharing.firewall.plist

iCal (Alarms, Events, To Do, Calendars)

~/Library/Calendars
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.alarmsCache.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.AlarmScheduler.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iCal.sources.plist
~/Library/Application Support/iCal

iChat (Accounts, Preferences)

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iChat.AIM.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iChat.Jabber.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iChat.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iChat.SubNet.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iChatAgent.plist

iMovie (Preferences)

~/Library/iMovie
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iMovie7.plist

iPhone

~/Library/Application Support/MobileSync/Backup

iPhoto

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iPhoto.plist

iPod

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iPod.plist

iTunes

~/Library/iTunes
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iTunes.eq.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.iTunes.plist

Exclude drives, folders and files

By default some folder/files are excluded. But some are not to allow a full restoration of a viable system (ex: /private/var/log/ and its folders are kept but not their files).

How to:

Fixed path exclusions System Preferences > Time Machine > Options, similar to sudo tmutil addexclusion -p <drive, dir or file> (but it's not the same). See also /Library/Preferences/com.apple.TimeMachine.plist and /System/Library/CoreServices/backupd.bundle/Contents/Resources/StdExclusions.plist
Sticky exclusions tmutil addexclusion <drive, dir or file> same as xattr -w com.apple.metadata:com_apple_backup_excludeItem com.apple.backupd <filename>. ~~This not work for~~ ~~files inside packages~~ ~~(Spotlight don't index files in packages)~~ find /path/to/projects -type d -path '*node_modules/*' -prune -o -type d -name 'node_modules' -exec xattr -w com.apple.metadata:com_apple_backup_excludeItem com.apple.backupd '{}' \;
files ignored by Spotlight still backup by Time Machine

Find sticky excluded files/folders sudo mdfind "com_apple_backup_excludeItem = 'com.apple.backupd'"

sparsebundle

Explore sparsebundle

Mount *.sparsebundle / *.backupbundle first: hdiutil attach My.sparsebundle

tmutil (with compare, uniquesize or calculatedrift): tmutil compare /Volumes/MyBackupVolume/Backups.backupdb/$COMPUTE_NAME%/2016-02-18-090818 /Volumes/MyBackupVolume/Backups.backupdb/$COMPUTE_NAME/2016-02-18-102050. + added file, - removed file, ! changed file
diskutil umount force /Volumes/com.apple.TimeMachine.TM_Prime-DA16D91F-3320-4834-91ED-2902CE57E46D
BackupLoupe - Explore version (compare changes, size)
tms
TimeTracker by CharlesSoft - Not work well with network drives
timedog
find /path/to/your/latest/backup -type f -links 1 -print (Time Machine use hardlinks for unmodified files). But not realy usefull since some folder use hardlink too (and you can't exlude file in hardlinked folders)

Create or resize sparsebundle

Aka specify a size

Sparsebundle are use on network drives.

Create a sparsebundle of 320GiB or use 320000000000b (= 320GB)

hdiutil create -size 320g -type SPARSEBUNDLE -nospotlight -fs "HFS+J" -volname "MyMacBook Time Machine Backup" MyMacBook.sparsebundle
#
# Mount image
open MyMacBook.sparsebundle
# diskutil list
# sudo diskutil enableOwnership /dev/diskXsX
# Set Time Machine a destination volume
sudo tmutil setdestination "/Volumes/MyMacBook Time Machine Backup"

To create dynamic sparsebundle, create it without partition scheme.

Sparsebundle will increase by it's content

You can shrink sparseimage directly (should not be used). Could require a compact before

hdiutil resize -size 320g -shrinkonly /Volumes/Network_Drive_Name/path/to/timemachine.sparseimage
# -limits will just displays the minimum, current, and maximum sizes (in 512-byte sectors)

reclaim unused bands (free space) sudo hdiutil compact -verbose image.sparsebundle (could be executed multiple times) or hdiutil resize -verbose -sectors min image.sparseimage.
- mac osx - How to reclaim all/most free space from a sparsebundle on OS X - Server Fault
To fix hdiutil: compact failed - internal error see:
- Fixing corrupted time machine backup | Tony Lawrence
- Repair Time Machine sparsebundle that will no longer mount - Ask Different
Using Time Machine on unsupported volumes - Mac OS X Hints
10.6: Set up Time Machine on networked AFP volume - Mac OS X Hints
hdiutil returns error trying to resize sparsebu... | Apple Support Communities If the image is large, try to resize in stages (2TB -> 1,5TB -> 500GB -> 10GB) or will there an error: hdiutil: resize failed - Cannot allocate memory
Time Machine - Troubleshooting A8. Changing the size or case-sensitivity of a sparse bundle
http://java.dzone.com/articles/shrink-your-time-machine
http://www.readynas.com/?p=253

#!/bin/bash
# A bash script to create a time machine disk image suitable for
# backups with OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard)
# This script probably only works for me, so try it at your own peril!
# Use, distribute, and modify as you see fit but leave this header intact.
# (R) sunkid - September 5, 2009

usage ()
{
     echo ${errmsg}"\n"
     echo "makeImage.sh"
     echo "	usage: makeImage.sh size [directory]"
     echo "	Create a disk image with a max storage size of <size> and copy it"
     echo "	to your backup volume (if specified)"
}

# test if we have two arguments on the command line
if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
    usage
    exit
fi

# see if there are two arguments and we can write to the directory
if [ $# == 2 ]
then
	if [ ! -d $2 ]
	then
 		errmsg=${2}": No such directory"
    	usage
    	exit
	fi
	if [ ! -w $2 ]
	then
		errmsg="Cannot write to "${2}
		usage
    	exit
	fi
fi

SIZE=$1
DIR=$2
NAME=`scutil --get ComputerName`;
UUID=`system_profiler SPHardwareDataType | grep 'Hardware UUID' | awk '{print $3}'`

# get busy
echo -n "Generating disk image ${NAME}.sparsebundle with size ${SIZE}GB ... "
hdiutil create -size ${SIZE}G -fs HFS+J -type SPARSEBUNDLE \
	-volname 'Time Machine Backups' "${NAME}.sparsebundle" >> /dev/null 2>&1

echo "done!"

echo -n "Generating property list file with uuid $UUID ... "

PLIST=$(cat <<EOFPLIST
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
        <key>com.apple.backupd.HostUUID</key>
        <string>$UUID</string>
</dict>
</plist>
EOFPLIST
)

echo $PLIST > "${NAME}.sparsebundle"/com.apple.TimeMachine.MachineID.plist
echo "done!"

if [ $# == 2 ]
then
	echo -n "Copying ${NAME}.sparsebundle to $DIR ... "
	cp -pfr "${NAME}.sparsebundle" $DIR/"${NAME}.sparsebundle"
	echo "done"
fi

echo "Finished! Happy backups!"

Change sparsebundle band size

If "Time Machine must recreate a new copy" occure too often, or if after few month of TM use, back is slow, or if the host of the sparsebundle don't support well lot of file in one dir (ex: ext4 <40000)

By default Time Machine use band in sparsebundle with size of 8MiB. It's can be problematic when the size of the backup is > 300GB. 16MiB (32768 blocks) could be a good compromise.

hdiutil convert -format UDSB -imagekey sparse-band-size=32768 -o new.sparsebundle old.sparsebundle
# Will take lot of time ~ hours
cp old.sparsebundle/com.apple.TimeMachine.MachineID* new.sparsebundle/

Note: Increase band size only for unencrypted backups. Large bands could be problematic with encrypted backups (take lot of time): download band, decrypt, update, encrypt then finally upload

The sparse-band-size parameter is the number of 512-byte sectors (chunks), not the number of bytes. Since 512 is 1/2 1,024, then 262,144 B / 2 = 128 KiB.

Where 262144 equals 128MiB bands/byte sectors (128 MiBytes == 128*1024*1024 bytes == 128*1024*1024/512 blocks = 262144 blocks, 262144 / 2 / 1024 = 128MiB)

Read it (for mounted sparsebundle):

hdiutil info -verbose | grep band-size
# Or accessible in Info.plist in the .sparsebundle

Backup into a sparsebundle file

This format is often created to backup on a shared network volume (that is not HFS+)

Mount it (db click in Finder) and

sudo tmutil setdestination /Volumes/name-of-the-mounted-sparsebundle

SparseBundle sould be at the root of the volume. A workaround is to create a symbolic link ln -s /volume1/backups/subfolder/subfolder/BackupImage.sparsebundle BackupImage.sparsebundle, but only supported on OSX (Unix folder symlink are forbidden)

Can be required

sudo diskutil enableOwnership /dev/disk2s2

Using Time Machine on unsupported volumes - Mac OS X Hints
http://pondini.org/TM/18.html#id18
How do I move a USB Time Machine backup to a Time Capsule? - Ask Different
tmutil(8) Mac OS X Manual Page

Control when to backup

More control, by can impact performances (battery, powernap, integrity, etc.)

Change:

(before 10.8) sudo defaults write /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.backupd-auto StartInterval -int 7200 (7200 in seconds eq. 2 hours)
(10.8+) update BackupInterval in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.backupd-auto.plist

Or use an app:

Time Machine Destination Manager: https://github.com/dustinrue/Tedium and Tedium for Mac | MacUpdate
TimeMachineEditor
TimeMachineScheduler - set the backup interval of Time Machine or TimeMachineEditor or update sudo defaults write /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.backupd-auto StartInterval -int 3600 (for 1 hours, 7200 = 2 hours, etc.)
Use cron task By controling when enable/disable/start it:
sudo tmutil enable|disable or defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.TimeMachine AutoBackup -boolean YES|NO or tmutil startbackup --auto --block
- How can I execute sudo commands as a cron job? - Ask Different

Restore from a Time Machine backup

You can't restore this backup because it was created by a different model of Mac

Could restore from a Time Machine Backup with Migration Assistant.

Restore from a Time Machine backup should restore all files, but few things are not:

System Preferences > Keyboard > Keyboard Shortcuts (key mapping, "open terminal here", etc.)
Few softwares require to re-enter licencies credentials (which depends on hardware finger print?)
Some login credentials
System Preferences > Security & Privacy
scanners and printers drivers and configurations
file type/protocol association
Character map recent and favs

Also don't erase immediatly all TM snapshots, some are not complete due to concurency with software that also write on disk in same time (or use large files)

Change harddrive

sudo tmutil associatedisk -a mount_point snapshot_volume
sudo tmutil inheritbackup {machine_directory | sparsebundle}

Local snapshots

sudo tmutil enablelocal

sudo tmutil disablelocal

tmutil snapshot

In folder /.MobileBackups

http://pondini.org/TM/30.html
http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/80183/any-way-to-change-the-location-of-time-machine-local-backups-mobilebackups-t
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4878

Remove specific file from Time Machine backup

cd "/Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/<machinename>"
ls -li *"/<drivename>/<path>/"*, sudo bypass rm -rf *"/<drivename>/<path>/"*
ls -li *"/<drivename>/<file>", sudo bypass rm -f *"/<drivename>/<path>/<file>"
time machine - Delete all backups of specific file/folder with tmutil - Ask Different
macos - How can I delete Time Machine files using the commandline - Super User
macos - How can I delete Time Machine files using the commandline - Super User

Reduce size

tmutil listbackups
sudo tmutil delete '/Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/.../2018-'{01,02,03,04}*
sudo hdiutil compact '/Volumes/....sparsebundle'

Troubleshooting

Catalina have issue with SMB (often disconnected and sometimes can't reconnect). Force to use AFP mounted disk instead. See Time Machine in Catalina 10.15.3 has serious bugs – The Eclectic Light Company and Catalina - no longer access NAS via Finder? Time Machine not working. | Synology Community

Stuck on "Preparing backup..."

It's often related to spotlight indexing (can't backup when spotlight is indexing)

The backup is already in use

Aka "Failed to unmount disk mounted at [...]" on the server

On the server, disconnect the user or restart the AFP service

time machine - The backup on Server i already in use - Ask Different

Time Machine backup is very slow

Disable low priority process throttle: sudo sysctl -w debug.lowpri_throttle_enabled=0. Check before if it's happend with sudo fs_usage -w -f filesys backupd

See also if it use SMB Shares, it could be slow itself (due to protocol version use or signing).

Other Time Machines errors

Fix For Read-Only Sparsebundles - Apple Mac OS X - We Got Served Forums
How to fix a Corrupted Time Machine Backup | Jthon's Place
How to repair a sparsebundle image | tar.gz
Repair Time Machine sparsebundle that will no longer mount - Ask Different
Fix Time Machine Sparsebundle NAS Based Backup Errors | Garth Gillespie
https://github.com/jamespayne/time-machine-sparse-bundle-fix and https://github.com/Parkcomm/time-machine-sparce-bundle-fix
https://gist.github.com/dipdi/fedb28652f8e7de2b11b

Time Machine Volume on Network

Via AFP (depreciated) or SMB protocols

Sparsebundle disk images cannot, however, be saved on SMB volumes and a handful of other filesystems due to their lack of support for "F_FULLFSYNC", which is a filesystem command that instructs the disk to write data from cache to media.

If you are using Netatalk version 2.0.5 or better, this has the special new features added to avoid Time Machine disk corruption. If you have a version of Netatalk earlier than 2.0.5 (e.g. Ubuntu 9.10 currently has 2.0.4) [..]
If you have Netatalk 2.0.5 installed, you should add the option “tm” to any share you use for Time Machine, in the AppleVolumes.default config file.
— Using Ubuntu for Time Machine in Snow Leopard – Delivering Quality

sudo tmutil setdestination -p smb://user@Server._smb._tcp.local./Mount or sudo tmutil setdestination -p afp://user@Server.local/Mount

mbentley/docker-timemachine: Docker image to run netatalk (compatible Time Machine for OS X)
Use a Raspberry Pi 4 for Time Machine (works with macOS 12 Monterey) | by Sascha Eggenberger | Medium
10.11 tmutil version 4.0.0 (built Oct 3 2015) appears to not support SMB but only AFP. 10,13 tmutil version 4.0.0 (built Jul 15 2017) does
Time Machine use an SMB extension F_FullfSync available in SMB3 (SAMBA 4.1 implement it) to ensure that data is actually written to disk. See MacOS Sierra support Time Machine via SMB- but how? : apple
Time Machine Over SMB Specification
Backup into a sparsebundle file
defaults write com.apple.systempreferences TMShowUnsupportedNetworkVolumes 1 && killall Finder (apparently it's ignored with OSX 10.11, SIP?)
HowTo: Make Ubuntu A Perfect Mac File Server And Time Machine Volume ¦ kremalicious
Why can't I use a sparsebundle disk image on a filesystem that does not support the F_FULLFSYNC file control? Backing up to a disk image | Carbon Copy Cloner | Bombich Software
vfs_fruit - "The vfs_fruit module provides enhanced compatibility with Apple SMB clients and interoperability with a Netatalk 3 AFP fileserver."
mac - Backup strategy for developer-focused Apple environments? - Server Fault
backup - What is a safe way to back up a sparsebundle that is exported via afpd? - Server Fault
Time Machine Server Requirements

macOS Monterey have issues with TimeMachine to mount volume over SMB. Try use AFP instead.

add .local to afp://machinename could be required (for local network)
in Finder connect first to the server and choose the right share (where sparsebundle will be), go to Time Machine settings and select the share. Unmount the share.
Time Machine backup fails as disk image could not be accessed (error 19) | Synology Community
Time Machine backups failing 6.10 rc8 "Failed to attach using DiskImages2" - Prereleases - Unraid
12380 – vfs_fruit support for Time Machine over SMB

iSCSI initiator

But how to restore, since iSCSI is not supported natively?

Quota

Limit per client:

cat > .com.apple.TimeMachine.quota.plist <<EOF
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>GlobalQuota</key>
<integer>120000000000</integer><!-- size in bytes -->
</dict>
</plist>
EOF
chmod 644 .com.apple.TimeMachine.quota.plist

vfs_fruit - "fruit:time machine max size = SIZE [K|M|G|T|P]" "But I would discourage this, as it recalculates the share free space on every df call by the client" - Implement Time Machine quota setting · Issue #910 · openmediavault/openmediavault · GitHub
Create or resize sparsebundle
Remote Time Machine for Multiple Macs · jbowen.dev

Large modified files

Since TM it's a file level not block level backup, these files can be corrupted (not include all updates), because rewritten (partially or not) when backup, all changes are not backup. That means this files are backup corrupted.

Ex: Virtual Machine disk

Ex: MySql DB files. Solution: cron mysqldump hourly (or less if large DB) + exlude DB files

OS

OpenCore Legacy Patcher - "breathe new life into Macs no longer supported by Apple, allowing for the installation and usage of macOS Big Sur and newer on machines as old as 2007"

Install macOS

Use Option-Command (⌘)-R at startup to reinstall lastest version of the OS: How to reinstall macOS - Apple Support For clean install, erase the drive with Disk Utility (macOS Recovery) first

Create ISO installer:

hdiutil create -o /tmp/Catalina -size 8050m -volname Catalina -layout SPUD -fs HFS+J
hdiutil attach /tmp/Catalina.dmg -noverify -mountpoint /Volumes/Catalina
sudo "/Applications/Install macOS Catalina.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia" --volume /Volumes/Catalina --nointeraction
hdiutil detach "/Volumes/Install macOS Catalina"
hdiutil convert /tmp/Catalina.dmg -format UDTO -o ~/Desktop/Catalina.cdr
mv ~/Desktop/Catalina.cdr ~/Desktop/Catalina.iso

Install on Virtual Machine

cd "C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\"
#
# Virtualbox 5.x 00000001 000106e5 00100800 0098e3fd bfebfbff
# Virtualbox 4.x 00000001 000306a9 04100800 7fbae3ff bfebfbff
VBoxManage.exe modifyvm "Virtual Machine Name" --cpuidset 00000001 000106e5 00100800 0098e3fd bfebfbff
# use "MacBookPro11,3"
VBoxManage setextradata "Virtual Machine Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct" "iMac11,3"
VBoxManage setextradata "Virtual Machine Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion" "1.0"
# "Mac-2BD1B31983FE1663"
VBoxManage setextradata "Virtual Machine Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBoardProduct" "Iloveapple"
VBoxManage setextradata "Virtual Machine Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/DeviceKey" "ourhardworkbythesewordsguardedpleasedontsteal(c)AppleComputerInc"
VBoxManage setextradata "Virtual Machine Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/GetKeyFromRealSMC" 1

Bootable USB

hdiutil convert -format UDRW -o /path/to/target.img /path/to/ubuntu.iso
diskutil list
# (determine the device node assigned to your flash media (e.g. /dev/disk2))
diskutil unmountDisk /dev/diskN
sudo dd if=/path/to/downloaded.img.dmg of=/dev/rdiskN bs=1M
diskutil eject /dev/diskN

macOS on Bootable USB

On an HFS+ (Journaled) formatted USB drive

sudo /Applications/Install\ OS\ X\ Yosemite.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/Untitled --applicationpath /Applications/Install\ OS\ X\ Yosemite.app --nointeraction
sudo /Applications/Install\ macOS\ Sierra.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/Untitled --applicationpath /Applications/Install\ macOS\ Sierra.app --nointeraction

How to create a bootable installer for macOS - Apple Support
install - macOS High Sierra media installer - Ask Different
http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/10/how-to-make-your-own-bootable-os-x-10-10-yosemite-usb-install-drive/#image-9
How to make your own bootable macOS 10.12 Sierra USB install drive | Ars Technica

Bootloader

Clover

Migration Assistant

Migration Assistant doesn’t overwrite new versions of applications with older ones [...] won’t overwrite an account with the same name by default. Migration Assistant prompts you about whether you want to rename the account from the old computer or overwrite the account on the new computer with the files from the old Mac [...] Files stored outside user accounts won’t be overwritten, but they could be merged, so a folder might contain a collection of old and new files.

Applications (/Applications and /Library/Application)

User accounts and groups (reset UserShell and NFSHomeDirectory for created users) For macports, see:

#!/bin/sh

# Fix MacPorts user config
# Sources here: https://trac.macports.org/browser/trunk/base/portmgr/dmg/postflight.in?rev=154110#L159

# Variable provided by postinstall script, extracted from MacPort installer package (*.pkg)
PREFIX="/opt/local"
DSCL=/usr/bin/dscl
RUNUSR=macports

# List all users:
# ${DSCL} . list /Users | grep -E -v ^_
# Read user infos
# ${DSCL} . read "/Users/${RUNUSR}"

${DSCL} -q . -delete "/Users/${RUNUSR}" AuthenticationAuthority
${DSCL} -q . -delete "/Users/${RUNUSR}" PasswordPolicyOptions
${DSCL} -q . -delete "/Users/${RUNUSR}" dsAttrTypeNative:KerberosKeys
${DSCL} -q . -delete "/Users/${RUNUSR}" dsAttrTypeNative:ShadowHashData
${DSCL} -q . -create "/Users/${RUNUSR}" RealName MacPorts
${DSCL} -q . -create "/Users/${RUNUSR}" Password "*"
${DSCL} -q . -create "/Users/${RUNUSR}" PrimaryGroupID "$(${DSCL} -q . -read "/Groups/${RUNUSR}" PrimaryGroupID | /usr/bin/awk '{print $2}')"
${DSCL} -q . -create "/Users/${RUNUSR}" NFSHomeDirectory "${PREFIX}/var/macports/home"
${DSCL} -q . -create "/Users/${RUNUSR}" UserShell /usr/bin/false

see Non interactive user
if FileVault is enabled after macports has been installed (check it with sudo fdesetup list | grep macports), it could be necessary to disallow the user to decrypt the disk. Else it's visible on FileVault login window (even if it's a non interactive user). To disallow it: sudo fdesetup remove -user macports
#30168 (adduser results in macports users appearing as interactive users) – MacPorts
Transferring from Time Machine shows "MacPorts". What is this and should I transfer it? - Ask Different
dscacheutil -q user -a name macports
macos - How to delete MacPorts user after using the Migration Assistant - Ask Different

For Wireshark, see:

create user group access_bpf
wireshark - what is access_bpf group? - Ask Different
https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=blob;f=packaging/macosx/Scripts/chmodbpf-postinstall.sh;hb=HEAD - postinstall script of Wireshark installer package

Other files and folders, which covers the Shared folder in the Users folder and folders you created at the top level of a drive
Computer & Network Settings

Setup Assistant (from clean install) or via /Applications/Utilities/Migration Assistant.app (could be problematic when migrate already exist accounts).

but doesn't migrate:

/etc/hosts
Time Machine configuration (destination and exclude list)
hostname (Settings > Share)
ByHost preferences
/Library/Logs/SystemMigration.log or /private/var/log/system.log (sender MigrateTool)
macOS Sierra: Transfer your info from a computer or storage device
How to move data to your new Mac using Mountain Lion and earlier - Apple Support
Restore from a Time Machine backup
Install macOS
Migration Assistant

Cleanup from previous upgrades

Use the Recovery System (restart and hold CMD+R)

Generate a list of files:

LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 sudo find "/Volumes/Macintosh HD" -exec ls -Ald {} \; > tree.txt

Compare 2 version (before and after clean upgrade):

comm -13 <(cat tree-pristine.txt | grep -o '/Volumes/.*' - | sort) <(cat tree-dirty.txt | grep -o '/Volumes/.*' - | sort)

After OS update some config files are replaced, where then previous one are kept and renamed as *~orig or *~previous

Note dirname command is not available in Recovery System

Before remove, backup unwanted files:

mkdir -p "/Volumes/XX" && mv "/Volumes/XX/YY" "/Volumes/XX/ZZ/Volumes/XX/YY"

Files can be removed in 10.13.6:

# Not sure
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/current-os.sdk
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/libexec/cups/backend/cups-pdf

find "/Volumes/Macintosh HD/" \( -name "*~orig" -o -name "*~previous" \) -exec rm -rf {} \;

/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/local/sbin/mount_fusefs_txantfs
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/local/sbin/newfs_fusefs_txantfs

# For pre SIP with XQuartz and MacFUSE (or remains) installed:
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/X11
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/X11R6
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/X
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xephyr
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xfake
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xnest
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xorg
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xquartz
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/Xvfb
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/appres
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/atobm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/bdftopcf
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/bdftruncate
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/bitmap
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/bmtoa
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/cups-calibrate
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/cvt
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/cxpm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/editres
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/escputil
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-cache
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-cat
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-list
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-match
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-pattern
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-query
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-scan
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fc-validate
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/font_cache
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fonttosfnt
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/freetype-config
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fslsfonts
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/fstobdf
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/gccmakedep
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/glxgears
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/glxinfo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/gtf
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/iceauth
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/ico
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/koi8rxterm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/libpng-config
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/libpng16-config
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/listres
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/lndir
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/luit
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/makedepend
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/mkfontdir
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/mkfontscale
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/oclock
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/png-fix-itxt
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/pngfix
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/quartz-wm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/resize
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/rvictl
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/sessreg
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/setxkbmap
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/showfont
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/showrgb
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/smproxy
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/startx
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/sxpm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/twm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/ucs2any
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/uxterm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/viewres
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/x11perf
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/x11perfcomp
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xauth
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xbacklight
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xcalc
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xclipboard
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xclock
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xcmsdb
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xcompmgr
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xconsole
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xcursorgen
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xcutsel
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xditview
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xdm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xdmshell
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xdpr
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xdpyinfo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xedit
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xev
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xeyes
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xfd
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xfindproxy
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xfontsel
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xfs
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xfsinfo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xgamma
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xgc
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xhost
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xinit
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xinput
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbbell
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbcomp
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbevd
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbprint
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbvleds
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkbwatch
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkeystone
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xkill
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xload
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xlogo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xlsatoms
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xlsclients
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xlsfonts
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xmag
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xman
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xmessage
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xmh
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xmodmap
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xmore
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xpr
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xprop
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xrandr
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xrdb
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xrefresh
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xscope
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xset
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xsetmode
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xsetpointer
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xsetroot
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xsm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xstdcmap
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xterm
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xvinfo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xwd
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xwininfo
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/bin/xwud
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/include
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/X11
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/bundle1.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/crt1.10.5.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/crt1.10.6.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/crt1.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/dri
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/dylib1.10.5.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/dylib1.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/flat_namespace
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/gcrt1.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/lazydylib1.o
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libATCommandStudio.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libAppleWM.7.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libAppleWM.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libFS.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libFS.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGL.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGL.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLESv1_CM.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLESv1_CM.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLESv2.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLESv2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLU.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libGLU.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libICE.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libICE.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libOSMesa.8.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libOSMesa.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libQMIParser.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libSM.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libSM.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libX11-xcb.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libX11-xcb.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libX11.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libX11.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXRes.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXRes.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXTrap.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXTrap.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXau.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXau.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw.7.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw.8.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw3d.8.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw3d.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw6.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw7.7.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw7.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw8.8.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXaw8.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXcomposite.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXcomposite.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXcursor.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXcursor.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXdamage.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXdamage.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXdmcp.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXdmcp.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXevie.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXevie.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXext.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXext.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfixes.3.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfixes.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfont.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfont.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfont2.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfont2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfontcache.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXfontcache.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXft.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXft.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXi.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXi.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXinerama.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXinerama.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXmu.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXmu.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXmuu.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXmuu.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXp.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXp.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXpm.4.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXpm.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXpresent.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXpresent.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXrandr.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXrandr.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXrender.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXrender.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXss.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXss.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXt.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXt.7.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXt.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXtst.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXtst.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXv.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXv.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXvMC.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXvMC.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXvMCW.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXvMCW.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXxf86misc.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXxf86misc.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXxf86vm.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libXxf86vm.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libcairo-script-interpreter.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libcairo-script-interpreter.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libcairo.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libcairo.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libdmx.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libdmx.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfontconfig.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfontconfig.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfontenc.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfontenc.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfreetype.6.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libfreetype.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libgcc_s.10.4.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libgcc_s.10.5.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libglapi.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libglapi.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libglut.3.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libglut.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libgutenprint.2.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libkmod.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libkmodc++.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libl.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpixman-1.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpixman-1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpkstart.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng.3.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng12.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng14.14.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng15.15.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng16.16.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libpng16.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libtclstub8.5.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libtkstub8.5.a
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-atom.1.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-aux.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-composite.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-composite.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-cursor.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-cursor.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-damage.0.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-damage.dylib
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/lib/libxcb-dpms.0.dylib
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/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xrandr.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xrdb.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xrefresh.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xscope.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xset.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xsetmode.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xsetpointer.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xsetroot.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xsm.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xstdcmap.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xterm.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xvinfo.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xwd.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xwininfo.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man1/xwud.1
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man2
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man3
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man4/exa.4
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man4/fbdevhw.4
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man4/void.4
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/Compose.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/XCompose.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/fonts-conf.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/png.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/xorg.conf.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man5/xorg.conf.d.5
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/Consortium.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/Standards.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/X.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/XOrgFoundation.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/XProjectTeam.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/Xprint.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/man/man7/Xsecurity.7
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/pixmaps
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/pkgconfig
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/sgml
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/util-macros
/Volumes/Macintosh HD/usr/share/xml

Reset Setup Assistant

Integrate features of Migration Assistant.

Remove /var/db/.AppleSetupDone:

reboot
hold command + s

in Terminal:

 mount -uw /
 rm /var/db/.AppleSetupDone
 shutdown -h now

or:

reboot
hold command + r
in Terminal ("Mackintosh HD" is the default name of the main disk, depends what has been defined when macOS was installed):
```
 rm "/Volumes/Mackintosh HD/var/db/.AppleSetupDone"
 shutdown -h now
```

Boot Camp

Start up your Mac in Windows or macOS with Boot Camp - Apple Support - hold the Option key
Windows: Configuration pannel > System & Security > Power management > Choose when the screen close (works only in native, not in a VM)
Windows: Compact.exe /CompactOS:always to compact (Compact.exe /CompactOS:never to restore); powercfg /h /type reduced to reduce hibernation file size (powercfg /h /size 100 to restore)
macOS: Sytem preferences > Startup > Choose the disk you want to use at each startup (you still can use opt key to Start up to Startup Manager)
Launching your Boot Camp partition in VMware Fusion (1014618)
Enabling Virtualization Support in Boot Camp with rEFInd | Chris Warrick

Windows boot INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE error (after Windows Updates):

How to install Windows:

/System/Applications/Utilities/Boot Camp Assistant.app
How it's work, Boot Camp Assistant automatically create 2 partition:
1. OSXRESERVED (Microsoft Basic Data / ExFAT, ~10GB, contains WinPE files, plus drivers in \$WinPEDriver$ and installer in \Bootcamp), which will be removed after the install of Windows is complete
2. BOOTCAMP (Microsoft Basic Data) partition where Windows is installed of the size the user gave
3. Apple Boot Camp No Longer Requires USB Flash Drive to Install Windows in El Capitan – Twocanoes Software
3 Ways to Use Boot Camp - wikiHow
Fix: Please Wait While Boot Camp Assistant is Removing The Partitions it Created
Install Windows 10 on your Mac with Boot Camp Assistant - Apple Support
Installing Windows 10 on a Mac without Bootcamp - Fotsies Technology Blog
Use USB drive to install Windows could not work with recent macbook because the USB3 is used, and Windows 10 (at least) don't support keyboard and pad in same time (which use USB 3 too) (WinPE will load, but couldn't use the keyboard or mouse): If your keyboard or trackpad stop responding while installing Windows 8 on your Mac - Apple Support
Advanced advice for Stop error 7B, Inaccessible_Boot_Device - Windows Client Management | Microsoft Docs
Windows Recovery Environment (Windows RE) | Microsoft Docs

Drivers:

open Boot Camp Assistant > Action (menu) > Download Windows Support Software
Download and install Windows support software on your Mac - Apple Support
Apple - Support - Downloads
graphics:
- Update AMD graphics drivers for Windows in Boot Camp - Apple Support
- Apple Boot Camp Software Graphics Drivers | AMD
timsutton/brigadier: Fetch and install Boot Camp ESDs with ease. - brigadier -m MacBookPro11,1 -o Bootcamp-MBP11.1
Resolving INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE Error after restoring Winclone image – Twocanoes Software
if you can start bootcamp OS (ex mounted in a Virtual Machine), install manually (download first: Download and install Windows support software on your Mac - Apple Support) by right click on each INF files, then "Install" (*\WindowsSupport\$WinPEDriver$\*\*.inf) (driver files will be copied in C:\WINDOWS\inf\*.inf, C:\WINDOWS\System32\drivers\*.sys and C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\*\*.*)
D:\$WinPEDriver$ Limitations of $WinPeDriver$ - Windows Client | Microsoft Docs
inject in WIM images D:\sources\boot.wim and D:\sources\install.wim: Inject Drivers into a Winclone Image – Twocanoes Software. See also Create a Windows 10 Bootable USB Flash Drive on a Mac – Twocanoes Software
inject product key by create a file D:\sources\ID.txt that contains:
```
[PID]
Value=XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX
```

Partitions:

Install on external drive:

bootcamp - Can I install and use Windows on an external USB 3 drive in Boot Camp - Ask Different
Tech Tip: How to Use Boot Camp on an External Drive
set HKLM\SYSTEM\HardwareConfig\{...uuid...}\BootDriverFlags to 0x14: Booting unmodified Windows 10 over USB

Keyboard:

to connect bluetooth Apple keyboard, tap on the keyboard the PIN code the OS provide, then tap enter
Apple keyboard layout on Windows
How to fix Apple Bluetooth Wireless Keyboard (Windows 10)
reboot if necessary (if the OS doesn't provide a PIN code but ask the one the device should provide)

Bluetooth dual boot:

Releases · headkaze/Hackintool - Tab "Utilities" > Button (at bottom with a Bluetooth logo) "Generate Windows Bluetooth Registry File", the import in Windows the file from regedit psexec -s -i regedit (psexec from PsTools - Windows Sysinternals | Microsoft Docs) See https://github.com/headkaze/Hackintool/blob/279644d917bd45241c85d13198a7ca4bacb320fd/Hackintool/AppDelegate.m#L10825-L10954 and https://github.com/headkaze/Hackintool/blob/279644d917bd45241c85d13198a7ca4bacb320fd/Hackintool/AppDelegate.m#L10713-L10755
macOS Monterey and Windows Bluetooth pairing : hackintosh
digitalbirdo/BT-LinkkeySync: Scripts to synchronize bluetooth link keys from mac OSX to windows
dual boot - How can I avoid having to pair my bluetooth mouse all the time? - Ask Ubuntu
How-to bluetooth pair an Apple Magic Mouse in a Dual Boot System with Fedora 27 Linux and macOS 10.13 High Sierra
/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Bluetooth.plist, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\BTHPORT\Parameters\Keys
Bluetooth Classic use Link Key (LK)
Bluetooth Low Energy (4.0 & 4.1), LE legacy pairing
- use Short Term Key (STK), Identity Resolving Key (IRK), Encrypted Diversifier (EDIV), Random Number (RAND)
- bluetooth lowenergy - Need details about EDIV and Rand - Stack Overflow
- How to fix BLE devices · Issue #12 · digitalbirdo/BT-LinkkeySync · GitHub
- Keep Bluetooth4.0/LE devices paired once between Mac/Windows | tonymacx86.com
- Keep Bluetooth devices paired once between Mac/Windows - Tutorials (The Genius Bar) | InsanelyMac
- console.systems | How to pair a Low Energy (LE) Bluetooth device in dual boot with Windows & Linux and Using bluetooth mouse in windows/linux dual boot machine with out re-pairing – Balakrishna Vanka's blog
Bluetooth Low Energy (4.2), LE Secure Connections use Long Term Key (LTK)
sudo pkill bluetoothd
/Library/Bluetooth/Library/Preferences/com.apple.MobileBluetooth.devices.plist
/private/var/root/Library/Preferences/com.apple.bluetoothd.plist (High Sierra +)
/private/var/root/Library/Preferences/blued.plist
sudo /usr/bin/defaults read com.apple.Bluetoothd.plist LinkKeys
/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Bluetooth.plist
/Library/Preferences/com.apple.airport.bt.plist
core bluetooth - How can I clear the CoreBluetooth cache on MacOS? - Stack Overflow
Bluetooth Pairing on Dual Boot of Windows & Linux Mint/Ubuntu - Stop having to Pair Devices - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
Bluetooth mouse in dual boot of Windows 10 and Linux | DesktopI18N's Blog
Bluetooth mouse in dual boot of Windows 10 and Linux #2 | DesktopI18N's Blog
Dual Boot Bluetooth Pairing Solved - Page 2 - OSx86 10.7 (Lion) | InsanelyMac
Keep Bluetooth devices paired on macOS and Windows · profzei/Matebook-X-Pro-2018 Wiki
encryption - How is LTK formed in Bluetooth Low Energy connections? - Stack Overflow
MagicPairing: Apple’s Take on Securing Bluetooth Peripherals
BLE Pairing and Bonding - a Primer | Kynetics
Bluetooth Pairing Part 1 -Pairing Feature Exchange | Bluetooth® Technology Website
Bluetooth Pairing Part 2Key Generation Methods | Bluetooth® Technology Website
Bluetooth Pairing Part 3 -Low Energy LegacyPairing Passkey Entry | Bluetooth® Technology Website
Bluetooth Pairing Part 4:Bluetooth Low EnergySecure Connections -Numeric Comparison | Bluetooth® Technology Website

Change ownership

Changing ownership of a used Mac - Apple Community

Network

What causes some Network Drives using SMB no longer connect to macOS Catalina? - Ask Different - SMB and NetBIOS (/etc/nsmb.conf) troubles

Bandwidth limiter

Use "Network Link Conditioner" (but not work for localhost/127.0.0.1) or use a proxy instead (for HTTP/HTTPS)

Install:

download "Additional Tools for Xcode" from https://developer.apple.com/download/more/?q=Additional%20Tools
from DMG, double click to install Network Link Conditioner.prefPane

http://nshipster.com/network-link-conditioner/
https://developer.apple.com/downloads/index.action?q=Network%20Link%20Conditioner
macos - How to simulate slow internet connections on the mac - Ask Different

VPN

Local TLD

Use *.localhost instead of *.local. It's a reserved, internal TLD too.

http://www.justincarmony.com/blog/2011/07/27/mac-os-x-lion-etc-hosts-bugs-and-dns-resolution/
Accessing .local domains is slow on Mac OS X • Charles Web Debugging Proxy
phishing - If someone bought the .local TLD could that be a security risk? - Information Security Stack Exchange
Top level domain/domain suffix for private network? - Server Fault
Guidance on Internal Names - CAB Forum

Hosts files

Fake DNS records

Require root access to update the content:

sudo vi /etc/hosts

Create link to Network Utility

cd /Applications/Utilities/
ln -s /System/Library/CoreServices/Applications/Network\ Utility.app Network\ Utility.app

Moved in CoreServices in 10.9

Flush DNS cache

sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder

Reset the DNS cache in OS X - Apple Support

UI

Finder, desktop, menus, etc.

Reveal Libray folder

chflags nohidden ~/Library

Show hidden files

Or use the combination of Shift ⇧ Cmd ⌘ . or Fn Shift ⇧ Cmd ⌘ . (for French NUM? keyboards)

defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles -bool YES && killall Finder
defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles TRUE && killall Finder

Mac keyboard shortcuts - Apple Support

Hide specific file on desktop

If hidden files are not visible:

chflags hidden file
chflags nohidden file

Else :

Copy a transparent image (in preview: select image pixel area then copy)
Past it as icon of targeted file
Move to outside of desktop viewport

osx - Show hidden files on OS X except .DS_Store - Super User

/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Versions/A/Support/lsregister -kill -r -domain local -domain system -domain user

How to rebuild the LaunchServices database - Mac OS X Hints

Menulets are of small icons located at the upper right corner of the Menu Bar

/System/Library/CoreServices/Menu Extras/*.menu

Menu extra - Wikipedia

Services

Aka quick actions

Located at ~/Library/Services/ and /System/Library/Services, packages *.workflow

Preferences > Extensions panel

To test a workflow with files, insert "Get Specified Finder Items" at the beginning

To assign a keyboard shortcut, in 10.6:

open System Preferences > Keyboard > pane Keyboard Shortcuts
select "Services" in the left pane
scroll down to General in the right pane
double-click to the right of the Automator workflow you just created
press the keys you want to use, and switch panes to ensure the new shortcut is saved

Mac OS X Automation: Services
Change Extensions preferences on Mac - Apple Support
/usr/bin/automator "/path/to/some action.workflow"
Shortcuts

For "Create a new file" quick action:

tell application "Finder"
	set selection to make new file at (get insertion location)
end tell

tell application "System Events"
	tell process "Finder"
		keystroke return
	end tell
end tell

Convert :

use builtin quick action "Convert Image" (from macOS 12): file context menu > Quick Actions > Convert Image
finder - Convert image and save to same folder in Automator - Ask Different
Convert images to JPEG on Finder // memo@ecpplus

Shortcuts

An PList file

Finder view preferences System-wide

Close all Finder windows
find ~ -name ".DS_Store" -depth -exec rm -f {} \;
Kill finder: Force Quit → Finder
Open a Finder window, edit Folder View Options show and click on "Use as default"

osx - System-wide finder view preferences - Ask Different

Localizable resource name

That use short language ISO code (ISO639).

Dans les fichiers .strings les retours à la ligne sont marqué . Voir aussi """, "\". Le commentaires supporté (/* ... */ et // ...). Ces fichiers doivent être enregistré en UTF-16

https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/FileSystemAdvancedPT/LocalizingtheNameofaDirectory/LocalizingtheNameofaDirectory.html

System (default)

Edit following file (require root's right)

System/Library/CoreServices/SystemFolderLocalizations/fr.lproj/SystemFolderLocalizations.strings
System/Library/CoreServices/SystemFolderLocalizations/zh_CN.lproj/SystemFolderLocalizations.strings

Add or update

"Stuff" = "Choses";

Stuff
	.localized

.localized is an empty file (0 bytes)

Folder

Stuff.localized
	.localized
		de.strings
		en.strings
		fr.strings
		zh-Hans.strings

In fr.strings:

"Stuff" = "Choses";

/Applications/VMware Fusion.app/Contents/ResourcesVirtual Machines.localized/.localized/* (VMware Fusion 7.0)

Bundle

Stuff
	Info.plist
	Resources
		de.lproj
		en.lproj
		fr.lproj
			InfoPlist.strings

In Stuff/Info.plist, we found:

<key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>
<string>Stuff</string>

It's not required but I we want localizable bundle, we need it.

We can found also NSHumanReadableCopyright (copyright) and CFBundleName (display app name in menu bar) which are also localizable.

In Stuff/Resources/fr.lproj/InfoPlist.strings, we found:

CFBundleDisplayName = "Choses";

Kiosk mode

Keyboard layout

macOS on a MacBook (without special keys like page up/down keys):

Page up : fn + up
Page down : fn + down
Home : fn + left
End : fn + right
Del : fn + backspace
Enter (num) : fn + return

Apple keyboard layout on Windows

Pointer

Aka mouse

Mouse acceleration

USB Overdrive works if you change system mouse speed to 0 (or -1)

System mouse speed

defaults read .GlobalPreferences com.apple.mouse.scaling
# same value as System Preferences > Mouse > Speed
#defaults write .GlobalPreferences com.apple.mouse.scaling -1

killmouseaccel:

Doesn't work with High Sierra due to depreciation of IOHID API.

#gcc killmouseaccel.c -o killmouseaccel -framework IOKit -framework Carbon
gcc killmouseaccel/main.c -o killmouseaccel/killmouseaccel -framework IOKit -framework Carbon
#chmod +x killmouseaccel
./killmouseaccel mouse

Restart Dock

Will restart Dock, Mission Control, Spaces, etc.

killall -KILL Dock

For menubar

killall -KILL SystemUIServer

Or Finder

killall -KILL Finder

Spaces in dock

defaults write com.apple.dock persistent-apps -array-add '{tile-data={}; tile-type="spacer-tile";}'
killall Dock

Media keys start `Music.app`

Aka media keys start iTunes.app, remote control daemon (RCD), play/pause keys (or bluetooth) auto-starting Music/iTunes, apple remote, connecting bluetooth headset/headphone

Note: looklike the side effects is media keys (of the keyboard or touchbar) stop working

launchctl stop com.apple.rcd
launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.rcd.plist

# Revert
launchctl start com.apple.rcd
launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.rcd.plist

Continuity with Android

Disk, file system and paths

disk path: /dev/diskX where X is a number (start with 1)
mounted in /Volumes/XXXX

See FileVault

Extended attribute

Aka quarantine, icons, thumbnail, xattr

com.apple.FinderInfo, which sets some general flags for Finder, and can be used to assign a single Finder Tag;
com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags, which contains Finder Tag settings;
com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDownloadedDate, which contains the datestamp for when this item was downloaded;
com.apple.metadata:kMDItemFinderComment, which contains the text from the Finder Comment but does not actually set it;
com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms, which contains the URL of the location from which the item was downloaded;
com.apple.quarantine, which forms the quarantine flag to determine if Gatekeeper should perform a full check when an app is first run.
— Where did that metadata come from? – The Eclectic Light Company

See also Spotlight and Uniform Type Identifier

Extended attribute com.apple.FinderInfo (same/similar binary format as resource fork):

com.apple.FinderInfo (XATTR_FINDERINFO_NAME, ATTR_CMN_FNDRINFO getattrlist(2)) 32 bytes of data for use by the Finder. Equivalent to the concatenation of a FileInfo structure and an ExtendedFileInfo structure (or, for directories, a FolderInfo structure and an ExtendedFolderInfo structure). These structures are defined in <CarbonCore/Finder.h>.
This attribute is not byte swapped by the file system. The value of multibyte fields on disk is always big endian. When running on a little endian system (such as Darwin on x86), you must byte swap any multibyte fields.

# Add a fake name
xattr -w com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDisplayName DifferentFilename.txt ActualFilename.txt

# Hide file to Finder
xattr -px com.apple.FinderInfo /path/to/file
xattr -wx com.apple.FinderInfo "0000000000000000400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" /path/to/file
# or (spaces aren't important)
xattr -wx com.apple.FinderInfo "00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00" /path/to/file
# Find some hidden files (kMDItemFSInvisible mapped from the extended attribute com.apple.FinderInfo)
mdfind kMDItemFSInvisible=1 -onlyin .

# Add custom colors and tags to a file
# https://eclecticlight.co/2017/12/27/xattr-com-apple-metadata_kmditemusertags-finder-tags/
# Rouge 6, Orange 7, Jaune 5, Vert 2, Bleu 4, Violet 3, Gris 1
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags "62706c69 73743030 a3010203 584f7261 6e67650a 37585965 6c6c6f77 0a355949 6d706f72 74616e74 080c151e 00000000 00000101 00000000 00000004 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000028" filename
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags "$(echo '["Orange\n7","Yellow\n5","Important"]' | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p | tr -d "\n")" /path/to/file
xattr -w com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags '<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"><plist version="1.0"><array>...</array></plist>' /path/to/file

# The following command works to (king of valid plist string)
xattr -w com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags '("Red\n6","Important")' /path/to/file
# After change the metadata, Spotlight doesn't import the file immediatly. The workaround is to add another tag with UI (Finder) to all files, then remove it

# Metadata see by Spotlight backend (metadata server)
#mdimport -i filename
mdls -plist - -name _kMDItemUserTags filename | plutil -convert json -o - -
xattr -px com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags /path/to/file | xxd -r -p | plutil -convert json -o - -
mdfind "kMDItemUserTags = Important" -onlyin .
# or: mdfind "_kMDItemUserTags = Important" -onlyin .

# Set custom application association
# Even if the type is the default "public.data"
xattr -wx com.apple.LaunchServices.OpenWith "$(echo '{"version":1.0,"path":"\/Applications\/Hex Fiend.app","bundleidentifier":"com.ridiculousfish.HexFiend"}' | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p | tr -d "\n")" filename
# Get custom application association
xattr -px com.apple.LaunchServices.OpenWith /path/to/file | xxd -r -p | plutil -convert json -o - -

# Set the URL from which the file was downloaded
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms "$(echo '["http://example.com"]' | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p)" /path/to/file
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms "$(echo '["http://example.com/origin","http://example.com/referrer"]' | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p)" /path/to/file
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:kMDItemWhereFroms "$(echo '<plist><array><string>http://example.com</string></array></plist>' | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p | tr -d "\n")" /path/to/file
# Set the date when the file was downloaded
# Note can't convert from JSON because date
xattr -wx com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDownloadedDate "$(echo "<plist><array><date>$(date +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)</date></array></plist>" | plutil -convert binary1 -o - - | xxd -p | tr -d "\n")" /path/to/file

Other:

Icons and Cursors

/System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIServices.framework/Versions/A/Resources/cursors
/System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Resources

Sounds

/System/Library/Sounds/
/Library/Sounds/
~/Library/Sounds/

AFPS

Does Apple File System support directory hard links?
Directory hard links are not supported by Apple File System. All directory hard links are converted to symbolic links or aliases when you convert from HFS+ to APFS volume formats on macOS. — Frequently Asked Questions

NTFS

Read only

Use NTFS-3G or use exFAT instead (supported natively)

howto/Ntfs3gFinder – MacPorts

WebDav

Mount unsupported file system

Home - macFUSE (successor of osxFUSE)

Don't do that! It's not secure (same for NFS, SMB/CIFS, iSCSI, etc.). Use it over a VPN (or a SSH tunnel) or use a secured protocol like SFTP (use https://github.com/osxfuse/osxfuse/wiki/SSHFS)

Can contains Time Machine backups.

Mount afp://ip_address/timemachine_share

Port 548 should be open (and forwarded (TCP) to the target if the server is behind a router). Don't allow guest access

System links

Preference and help links

Open an pref

x-help-script://com.apple.machelp/scpt/OpnPrefsBndID.scpt?com.apple.Localization,InputMenu

Open an app:

x-help-script://com.apple.machelp/scpt/OpnAppBndID.scpt?open,com.apple.ScriptEditor2

help:anchor=%27mh28040%27%20bookID='com.apple.machelp'

Home (help:anchor=%27access%27%20bookID=com.apple.machelp) Index (help:anchor=%27xall%27%20bookID=com.apple.machelp)

System paths

Yelp/osxcollector: A forensic evidence collection & analysis toolkit for OS X - A forensic evidence collection & analysis toolkit for OS X
pstirparo/mac4n6: Collection of forensics artifacs location for Mac OS X and iOS
Mac OS X 10.9 - Artifacts Location - ForensicsWiki
OS X Lion Artifacts v1.0 - Google Sheets

Re-add `staff` premission

sudo chgrp staff path/to/item
sudo chmod g+r,+X path/to/item

How do I add permissions for "System" and "Staff"? | Official Apple Support Communities

Uniform Type Identifier

Aka UTI

Metadatas: kMDItemContentType and kMDItemContentTypeTree (hierarchical content type); CFBundleDocumentTypes, UTImportedTypeDeclarations and UTExportedTypeDeclarations

Get UTI from metadata server:

mdls -raw -name kMDItemContentType $FILE

For the same extension, mutliple UTI definitions could exist. But the last definition will be used. Exemple: Adobe Flash use .as for ActionScript files (source code), but .as is declared instead as "AppleSingle archive" (UTI: com.apple.applesingle-archive). Installing Adobe Flash should override the default declaration. See uti - Revert Filetype Association - Ask Different

What happens when you double-click a document? Processes, problems and solutions – The Eclectic Light Company
Introduction to Uniform Type Identifiers Overview
System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers
/System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Info.plist
Fun with UTI | Cocoanetics
https://github.com/schwa/UTI-Types/tree/master/Types - List of common UTI
Amit's Thoughts: Mac OS: Spotlight and source code
Amit's Thoughts: Mac OS: index source code
Core Foundation Keys
macos - OSX: assign extension to content kind - Super User
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Versions/Current/Support/lsregister -dump - list all registered UTI
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Versions/Current/Support/lsregister -kill -r -domain local -domain system -domain user - ro rebuild the Launch Services registry to fix a wrong attribution (after an App Upgrade)
filesystem - Change file kind / kMDItemContentType - Ask Different - for bash script
UTI Property List Helper - generate UTI definition (plist) from existing UTI

Fragmentation

Aka defragmentation

Ten Things Apple Did To Make Mac OS X Faster - On-the-fly Defragmentation
Ten Things Apple Did To Make Mac OS X Faster - Hot File Clustering

Disk image

Create a disk image from a disk or connected device
[...]
Sparse bundle disk image: Same as a sparse disk image (below), but the directory data for the image is stored differently. Uses the .sparsebundle file extension.
Sparse disk image: Creates an expandable file that shrinks and grows as needed. No additional space is used. Uses the .sparseimage file extension.
Read/write disk image: Allows you to add files to the disk image after it’s created. Uses the .dmg file extension.
DVD/CD master: Changes the size of the image to 177 MB (CD 8 cm). Uses the .cdr file extension.
[...]
Create a disk image from a folder or connected device
[...]
Read-only: The disk image can’t be written to, and is quicker to create and open.
Compressed: Compresses data, so the disk image is smaller than the original data. The disk image is read-only.
Read/write: Allows you to add files to the disk image after it’s created.
DVD/CD master: Can be used with third-party apps. It includes a copy of all sectors of the disk image, whether they’re used or not. When you use a master disk image to create other DVDs or CDs, all data is copied exactly.
— Create a disk image using Disk Utility on Mac - Apple Support

Create or resize sparsebundle

Split disk image

hdiutil segment -segmentSize 1G -o "disk-1G-parts.dmg" "/path/to/disk.dmg"

Will generate files *.XXX.dmgpart and *.dmg

Folder action

See Automator

Test disk speed

aka test USB thumb speed

# Write 1GB of zero to tsfile
dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024k of=tstfile count=1024
# Will output (if locale is english):
# 1024+0 records in
# 1024+0 records out
# 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 2.27431 s, 472 MB/s

# Read tsfile (1GB)
dd if=tstfile bs=1024k of=/dev/null count=1024
# Remove tsfile
rm tstfile

Clone to disk image

diskutil list

diskutil info disk4

sudo gdd if=/dev/rdisk4 of=sd_backup.dmg status=progress bs=16M
#photorec sd_backup.dmg
#testdisk sd_backup.dmg

Startup chime

Not work with OSX 10.10+

Mute

sudo nvram SystemAudioVolume=%80

Restore

sudo nvram -d SystemAudioVolume

http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/168092/disable-yosemite-startup-sound
https://discussions.apple.com/message/28013107#28013107

Lock message

Aka login screen text

If found, please contact XXXX XXXX at YYYYYYYYYYY or at ZZZZZZ@ZZZZZZ.ZZZZ

Control+Command+Q

How to set a lock message on the login window of your Mac - Apple Support - Settings > Security and privacy > (unlock with padlock) > Show a message when the screen is locked
Onyx - Settings > Session > Login screen message
How and Why You Should Customise Your Mac's Login Screen

Reset NVRAM

How to Reset NVRAM on your Mac - Apple Support

Start up item

With crontab -e:

@reboot /path/to/script

With a shell script (as login item only):

In mystartupitem.command (why as *.command?)

#!/bin/bash

echo "Do something"

An add it to login items (System Preferences → Users and Groups → Login items)

With a plist:

Create in /Library/LaunchDaemons (see also What are the differences between LaunchAgents and LaunchDaemons?) a file called like local.mydaemon.plist contains:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
	<dict>
		<key>Label</key>
		<string>local.mydaemon</string>

		<key>ProgramArguments</key>
		<array>
			<string>/path/to/binary</string>
			<string>arg1</string>
			<string>arg2=value</string>
			<string>arg3</string>
		</array>

		<key>RunAtLoad</key>
		<true/>

		<!-- Use this for a script that runs once -->
		<key>LaunchOnlyOnce</key>
		<true/>

		<!-- Use this user and/or group to launch daemon, remove if not defined -->
		<key>UserName</key>
		<string>SOME_USERNAME</string>
		<key>GroupName</key>
		<string>SOME_GROUP</string>

		<!-- Save standard error to, remove if not needed -->
		<key>StandardErrorPath</key>
		<string>/dev/null</string>

		<!-- Save standard output to, remove if not needed -->
		<key>StandardOutPath</key>
		<string>/dev/null</string>

		<!-- Change start inverval, remove if not needed. See also LaunchOnlyOnce -->
		<key>StartInterval</key>
		<integer>30</integer>
	</dict>
</plist>

Note: Label must reflect filename without plist extension. Note: binary can be an executable (chmod +x /path/to/shellscript) shell script

sudo chown root:wheel /path/to/local.mydaemon.plist
launchctl load /path/to/local.mydaemon.plist
launchctl list

# Check current user keyboard
/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Print :AppleCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSourceID" ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.HIToolbox.plist
# defaults -currentHost read com.apple.HIToolbox
# Set global/default keyboard
sudo /usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Set :AppleCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSourceID com.apple.keylayout.French" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.HIToolbox.plist

See you current keyboard layout: ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.HIToolbox.plist

Security

Hardening macOS

System Integrity Protection

Aka SIP

/System
/usr
/bin
/sbin
apps that are pre-installed with OS X

Some specific softwares require to disable it

Disable .DS_Store in OS X El Capitan

in Terminal: csrutil status to check status
restart
hold down command-R to boot into the Recovery System
in Utilities > Terminal csrutil disable; reboot or csrutil enable; reboot based on what you want

SIP only applies to the volume you're currently booted from, so [one can] boot from the backup volume to delete [files] CCC updated for El Capitan | Carbon Copy Cloner | Bombich Software

just boot into "Recovery" mode by pressing "CMD+R" while rebooting.
open Terminal
your disk will be mounted in /Volumes/Macintosh HD (based on your drive name)
update files (ex: delete files via rm): you have absolute control in that terminal

Running TotalSpaces2 on El Capitan with SIP fully enabled
System Integrity Protection – Adding another layer to Apple’s security model | Der Flounder
/Library/SystemMigration/History/Migration-[some UUID]/QuarantineRoot/
System Integrity Protection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sierra’s System Integrity Protection (SIP): beyond root – The Eclectic Light Company
About System Integrity Protection on your Mac - Apple Support
high sierra - Is /dev protected by SIP? - Ask Different

Terminal access error

If a command return an error like Operation not permitted, or cat: ~/Library/path/to/file: Operation not permitted, a SIP protected file is read.

Lift the restriction for Terminal: Operation not permitted - Mojave security?

App Sandbox

~/Library/Containers

Objective-See

Downloaded file quarantine

find ~/Downloads/geeklog-1.6.1 -type f -exec xattr -d com.apple.quarantine {} \;

xattr -d -r com.apple.quarantine ~/Downloads

Disable

defaults write com.apple.LaunchServices LSQuarantine -bool NO

# Set com.apple.quarantine attribute
# Quarantine state flags (as 4 hexdigits):
# 0. ?
# 1. ?
# 2. ?
# 3. ?
# 4. ?
# 5. App was opened
# 6. "Verified by Gatekeeper"
# 7. ?
# 8. ?
# 15. ?
# See also:
# - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59974353/checking-if-macos-app-has-ever-been-un-quarantined-and-fully-launched
# - https://eclecticlight.co/2017/08/15/quarantined-more-about-the-quarantine-extended-attribute/
# - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46198557/understanding-output-of-xattr-p-com-apple-quarantine
flags=$(printf "%04x;" "$((2#0000000000000010))")
uuid=$(uuidgen)
application="Firefox"
# application="Google\x20Chrome"
date=$(printf %x $(date +%s))
attr -w com.apple.quarantine "${flags};${date};${application};${uuid}" filename
# Insert UUID into Database
date=$(($(date +%s) - 978307200))
download_url="http://example.com/file.zip"
# fields of LSQuarantineEvent: LSQuarantineEventIdentifier, LSQuarantineTimeStamp, LSQuarantineAgentBundleIdentifier, LSQuarantineAgentName, LSQuarantineDataURLString, LSQuarantineSenderName, LSQuarantineSenderAddress, LSQuarantineTypeNumber, LSQuarantineOriginTitle, LSQuarantineOriginURLString, LSQuarantineOriginAlias
# see also https://web.archive.org/web/20210506210117/http://www.zoharbabin.com/hey-mac-i-dont-appreciate-you-spying-on-me-hidden-downloads-log-in-os-x
sqlite3 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV2 "INSERT INTO \"LSQuarantineEvent\" VALUES('${uuid}',${date},NULL,'${application}','${download_url}',NULL,NULL,0,NULL,'${url}',NULL);"
# Check if UUID exists in Database
sqlite3 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV2 "SELECT * FROM LSQuarantineEvent WHERE LSQuarantineEventIdentifier == '${uuid}'"

Certificats

Delete Known Government-Linked Certificate Authorities: https://github.com/sammcj/delete-unknown-root-ca

FileVault

FileVault display a loginwindow at startup hask the user to decrypt the disk with its password.

FileVault is not allowed for all users

diskutil cs list | grep "Conversion Progress"
diskutil apfs list | grep "FileVault"

Conversion Progress:       Optimizing 39%

FileVault:                 Yes (Unlocked)

FileVault:                 No (Encrypted at rest)

To select which user can decrypt FileVault disk:
1. login as admin local account
2. open System Preferences
3. open Security & Privacy
4. select FileVault
5. click on "Allow Users" (bottom of the window)
sudo fdesetup list
Users not showing at login screen with MacOS FileVault Enabled - Stack Overflow
sudo sysadminctl -adminUser <adminUser> -adminPassword <adminPassword> -secureTokenOn <managementToken> -password <managmentPassword>
sudo fdesetup add -usertoadd <username> -keychain
How to View FileVault Progress When Encrypting a Mac Disk
Secure Enclave, Mac SSD hardware encryption and the future of FileVault | Der Flounder
Set a FileVault recovery key for computers in your institution - Apple Support - Use same master key

Firmware password

How to set a firmware password on your Mac - Apple Support

Users

Handled by OpenDirectory

UIDs < 500 are reserved.

auto login user defaults read /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow | grep autoLoginUser | awk '{ print $3 }' | sed 's/;//'
dscl . -read /Users/<username>
dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_' (prefixed user are daemons, etc.)
dscacheutil -q user
/var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/users/*.plist data of OpenDirectory
sudo dscl . create /Users/<username> IsHidden 1, hide user on loginwindow and fast user switching: Hide a user account in macOS - Apple Support
disable guest user:
1. ppen System Preferences
2. go to "Users & Groups" and click the unlock icon
3. click on “Guest User”
4. uncheck the box for "Allow guests to log in to this computer"
hide a user from login screen: sudo defaults write /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow HiddenUsersList -array-add <username>, to remove that config: sudo defaults delete /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow HiddenUsersList

Non interactive user

loginwindow UI will consider a user as one that can't be logged in if the following occur
the shell is /usr/bin/false
or
the AuthAuthority has ;disableduser; in it.
or
the AuthAuthority doesn't exist or contains ;basic; and the password is missing or is a single asterisk.
or
the record name is missing or blank [RealName?]
or
the uid is missing
loginwindow UI doesn't care about the UIDs number.

But the user still appears in System Preferences > Sharing > File Sharing | Screen Sharing | etc. > Add User dialog.

#30168 (adduser results in macports users appearing as interactive users) – MacPorts
macports-base/portutil.tcl at 1d1bcde3157908ef4ee58e72425f42d2265cdff3 · macports/macports-base - How macports in adduser function set the user as non interactive user

Applications

Self-signed application

Create a self signed certificate MyCertificateName with Keychain and trust it for all the system

sudo codesign -s MyCertificateName -f /path/to/MyAppName.app --deep

That fix the issue with macOS open the alert popup "Do you want to the application MyAppName.app to accept incoming network connections?"

Define `PATH` globaly

Set export PATH=/my/path:$PATH in ~/.profile for command line, but not used by launched application (by spotlight, dock, finder, start restored windows)

A security update could break/change something:

it seems SIP strips env variables if an application is launched from another application

Open application (twice and so on)

open -n /Applications/VOTRE_APPLICATION.app

Or add this as Automator script

do shell script "open -n /Applications/VOTRE_APPLICATION.app"

Pass command line arguments to Application

Automator application

Automator > create an Application with Library/Utilities/Run Shell Script

open -a "Google Chrome" --args -pinned-tag-count=4

Replace app icon: Get Info on original App, select icon, Cmd+C -> Get Info on target App, select icon, Cmd+V

Application bundle

See Create new application bundle. Not work anymore

Edit /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/Info.plist, change for CFBundleExecutable or Executable File the value to firefox-bin-with-args.sh (the original is firefox-bin)

In /Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/, create a file firefox-bin-with-args.sh (called like change in Info.plist)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
exec exec $(dirname "$0")/firefox-bin -ProfileManager

chmod +x firefox-bin-with-args.sh

http://superuser.com/questions/271678/how-do-i-pass-command-line-arguments-to-dock-items

Create new application bundle

Script app (bash script) can't start anymore with OSX 10.10: "Can’t open the application %s because PowerPC applications are no longer supported."

Allow Apps from Anywhere in Gatekeeper

"Allow apps downloaded from" "Anywhere" (from macOS Sierra)

"%s can’t be opened because it is from an unidentified developer"

sudo spctl --master-disable

# allow apps you trust without turning off code signing entirely
sudo spctl --add --label "It's OK, they're with me" /path/to/My.app

xattr -dr http://com.apple.quarantine /path/to/My.app

Crtl + Click on the App > click on "Open" button to add the app to the approved list Right click > Open

Build-in Apache

Conf: /etc/apache2 Extensions: /usr/libexec/apache2 HTTPD_ROOT httpd -V

Restart Apache:

sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl restart

sudo apachectl -k restart

FileMerge

lion - Where can I download Filemerge - the app for comparing two tools and merging them? - Ask Different

Xcode

"Agreeing to the Xcode/iOS license requires admin privileges, please re-run as root via sudo."

Accept for this account:

xcodebuild -license

Accept for all accounts:

sudo xcodebuild -license

Install Xcode Command Line Tools:

xcode-select --install

Macports

Why use Macports instead of Homebrew: El Capitan and Homebrew | Hacker News TLDR: because it place packages in /opt/local and require sudo

Macports install in /opt/local where Homebrew install in /usr/local.

directory structure - What is the difference between /opt and /usr/local? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange

/usr/local, for self, inhouse, compiled and maintained software. /opt is for non-self, external, prepackaged binary/application bundle installation area

https://guide.macports.org/chunked/installing.macports.uninstalling.html
http://trac.macports.org/wiki/Migration
https://www.macports.org/install.php

Macports is installed as root and uses its own account macports for some things.

Update and upgrade ports:

sudo port selfupdate && sudo port upgrade outdated
# later to remove old version
sudo port uninstall inactive

MacPorts Guide - Common Tasks
How to remove unused MacPorts packages? - Ask Different

Install ports:

# 1. Install Xcode Command Line Tools: `xcode-select --install`
# 2. Accept Xcode licence: `sudo xcodebuild -license`
# 3. Check installed version (newer version can exist for php, node, python, perl, ruby, JDK, etc.)

sudo port install \
wget rsync \
bash bash-completion \
coreutils diffutils findutils gsed gawk gpatch \
watch \
p5-file-rename \
openssl \
gzip gnutar \
git \
curl \
gettext \
ffmpeg \
ImageMagick +rsvg \
p5-image-exiftool \
cmake \
apache-ant \
httrack \
xorg-server

# Start D-Bus
sudo port install dbus
sudo port load dbus
#sudo launchctl load -w /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.freedesktop.dbus-system.plist
#launchctl load -w /Library/LaunchAgents/org.freedesktop.dbus-session.plist

# Add `/opt/local/libexec/gnubin` to PATH
if ! grep -q "export PATH=/opt/local/libexec/gnubin:" ~/.profile
then
	echo "" >> ~/.profile
	echo "# Use GNU coreutils by default (installed with macport)" >> ~/.profile
	echo "export PATH=/opt/local/libexec/gnubin:\$PATH" >> ~/.profile
fi

# To use bash_completion, add the following lines at the end of your .bash_profile:
if ! grep -q "/opt/local/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh" ~/.bash_profile
then
	echo "" >> ~/.bash_profile
	echo "# Enable bash-completion" >> ~/.bash_profile
	echo "if [ -f /opt/local/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh ]; then" >> ~/.bash_profile
	echo "        . /opt/local/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh" >> ~/.bash_profile
	echo "fi" >> ~/.bash_profile
fi

# NodeJS
# Note: nodejs and npm without version specified are not the lastest available
# sudo port install nodejs npm
sudo port install nodejs15 npm6
# Add to profile node config
if ! grep -q "export NODE_PATH=" ~/.profile
then
	echo "" >> ~/.profile
	echo "# Use global node modules (installed with macport)" >> ~/.profile
	echo "export NODE_PATH=/opt/local/lib/node_modules:\$NODE_PATH" >> ~/.profile
fi
# NPM can be updated with:
# sudo npm install -g npm@latest

# Install globally some tools
# use --python=python2.7 if required
#npm install -g sqlite3

# Note: never install globaly/system-wide npm packages (via `-g`). Install in ./node_module instead
# Clean cache: `sudo npm cache clean`
# If so packages are in /opt/local/lib/node_modules/ and remains even if npm is uninstalled or deactivate via macport
# To see outdated packages, use `npm outdated -g --depth=0`
# To update global packages, use `npm update -g`

# Install PHP and composer (PHP package manager)
sudo port install php
sudo port install php80-intl php80-openssl
#sudo port select --set php php80
# Create PHP config (dev only)
sudo cp /opt/local/etc/php80/php.ini-development /opt/local/etc/php80/php.ini

# [#42344 (new composer port request) – MacPorts](https://trac.macports.org/ticket/42344)
sudo port install php74-iconv php74-mbstring
curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | sudo php -- --install-dir=/opt/local/bin
sudo ln -s composer.phar /opt/local/bin/composer
# Or use in each project's folder `php -r "readfile('https://getcomposer.org/installer');" | php && php composer.phar install`
# Will install packages in ./vendor

# Install python and pip (Python package manager)
sudo port install python39 py39-pip
#sudo port select --set python python39
#sudo port select --set python3 python39
#sudo port select --set pip pip39
# Or for OSX's default python come with easy_install
#sudo easy_install pip
#pip install --user package
# or
#python -m pip install --user package
# will install package in ~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages
# could also be in ~/.local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages
# See
# - https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/user_guide/#user-installs
# - https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0370/
# - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15912804/easy-install-or-pip-as-a-limited-user

# Install Python BeautifulSoup
pip install --user beautifulsoup4
# or with macports (system-wide):
#sudo port install py38-beautifulsoup4
# Then check
#python -c "help('modules')" | grep bs4

# Note: never install python packages system-wide http://scicomp.stackexchange.com/a/2988 (use always `--user`)

# Install ntfs-3g https://trac.macports.org/wiki/howto/Ntfs3gFinder (need to disable SIP)
sudo port install ntfs-3g
# TODO. See link

# TestDisk and photorec
sudo port install testdisk

# Ruby and gems (Ruby package manager)
sudo port install ruby27 rb-rubygems
#sudo port select --set ruby ruby27

# Add to profile user's gems folder
if ! grep -q "export GEM_HOME=" ~/.profile
then
	echo "" >> ~/.profile
	echo "# Use user gems (rb-rubygems installed with macport)" >> ~/.profile
	echo "export PATH=~/.gem/bin:\$PATH" >> ~/.profile
	echo "export GEM_HOME=~/.gem" >> ~/.profile
	echo "export GEM_PATH=~/.gem:\$GEM_PATH" >> ~/.profile
fi

# Java / Open JDK
sudo port install openjdk15

How to fix "Failed to build osxfuse: command execution failed":

install builded version then create a symlink to fuse.pc: sudo ln -s /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/fuse.pc /opt/local/lib/pkgconfig/fuse.pc
note: osxfuse is no longer an open source project since version 3.9.0
#59316 (osxfuse @3.8.3: Assertion 'common_is_variable DEFAULT_SDK_10_15_ARCHITECURES' failed) – MacPorts

App store

Aka MAS (macOS App Store)

Preference pane

~/Library/PreferencePanes/
/Library/PreferencePanes/

Right click to remove prefpane

jlongman/speedlimit: Network bandwidth limiter for testing iphone apps - Network banwidth limiter
MySQL :: MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual :: 2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane - MySQL Preference Pane
hschmidt/EnvPane: EnvPane - An OS X preference pane for environment variables - Change environment variables
specialunderwear/Hosts.prefpane: a Cocoa GUI for /etc/hosts - Change hosts files (works with SIP enabled)
Lord-Kamina/SwiftDefaultApps: Replacement for RCDefaultApps, written in Swift.
(old, replace by SwiftDefaultApps) Rubicode - RCDefaultApp - "allows a user to set the default application used for various URL schemes, file extensions, file types, MIME types, and Uniform Type Identifiers / UTIs"
Arcana Research - StartupSound.prefPane - "controls the volume of the startup sound of your Macintosh computer"
/System/Library/CoreServices/Applications/Archive Utility.app/Contents/Resources/Archives.prefPane

Quicklook generators

Aka QLGenerator

To view handle types:

qrmanage -m

Precedence :

The order is currently (from the less important to the most important):

System generators (in /System/Library/QuickLook - for Apple only)
Local (in /Library/QuickLook)
Home (in ~/Library/QuickLook)
Embedded in apps. (usally ./Contents/Library/QuickLook)

It's impossible to desactivate a QLGenerator for same level or above other than juste rename it folder or update it's Info.plist to reflect only wanted format support How to disable auto preview for *.doc *.docx in finder? - Ask Different http://lists.apple.com/archives/quicklook-dev/2010/Jun/msg00011.html

Spotlight

Aka Metadata Server (mds)

Metadata importer

Aka Spotlight importers

# List all available metadatas
mdimport -X
# Infos about metadatas (nosearch, noindex, notokenize, multivalued, uniqued)

mdimport -r ~/Library/Spotlight/SomeImporter.mdimporter

Add to /System/Library/Spotlight/RichText.mdimporter/Contents/info.plist (get file format mdimport -n -d1 somefile.ext) to search inside source code:

<string>public.c-header</string>
<string>public.c-plus-plus-header</string>
<string>public.c-source</string>
<string>public.objective-c-source</string>
<string>public.c-plus-plus-source</string>
<string>public.objective-c-plus-plus-source</string>
<string>com.sun.java-source</string>
<string>public.perl-script</string>
<string>public.python-script</string>
<string>public.csh-script</string>
<string>public.shell-script</string>
<string>public.ruby-script</string>
<string>public.php-script</string>
<string>com.netscape.javascript-source</string>

Printer & scanner

Most post 2013 printers implement IPP Everywhere. AirPrint is based on IPP

VueScan Scanner Software for Windows, macOS Catalina and Linux - scanner application support old scanners
Printer and scanner drivers for Mac - Apple Support - list of old devices that don't implement IPP that macOS can auto install required drivers
Making an old USB printer support Apple AirPrint using a Raspberry Pi

Print on Windows shared printer

Will ask username / password for shared printer, use Windows auth credentials or guest for the username and password. If not asked, delete the entry of password in keychain app

On Hold - Authentication Error - Printing in OS... | Apple Support Communities
macos - How to add a network printer on mac that requires authentication - Ask Different - Add advanced network printer via smb://someaddress/Some%20printer%20name URLs

Calendar and contact accounts

CardDav, CalDav

SQLite3 with principalInfo binary PropertyList (plutil -convert xml1 -o - - < data.plist) (ZVALUE)

~/Library/Accounts/Accounts3.sqlite

Old (not used to store accounts config):

~/Library/Calendars/XXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXX.caldav
~/Library/Application Support/AddressBook/Sources/XXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXX/Configuration.plist ??

DaviCal and Addressbook Sync | blog.windfluechter.net
data synchronization - Can I sync Address Book to iCloud on Snow Leopard? - Ask Different
Howto: CardDAV in Mac OS X Addressbook with owncloud - Page 2 - ownCloud Forums and https://github.com/owncloud/documentation/blob/stable6/user_manual/pim/sync_osx.rst
CardDav app - client settings - Synology Forum

See also the possibility to create configuration profiles:

Using iOS Configuration Profiles to Improve CardDAV

Clipbload CLI

pbcopy < file.txt
echo "test" | pbcopy

pbpaste
pbpaste > file.txt

Simulate UI clicks from CLI

osx - How do I simulate a mouse click through the mac terminal? - Stack Overflow

Corrupted executable script

Create a bash script and execute give:

bad interpreter: Operation not permitted

chmod u+x file.sh
xattr -d com.apple.quarantine file.sh

Scanning

VueScan Scanner Software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux - Support of old scanners

SANE:

SANE - Supported Devices
chrspeich/SaneNetScanner: A Mac OS X Scanner Driver for sane net devices - This allow to use network scanner that support SANE with Image Capture, Preview See also Possible bridge for TWAIN scanner: Image Capture → SaneNetScanner → localhost/saned → Scanner · Issue #13 · chrspeich/SaneNetScanner
Install SANE drivers – BeagleScan - Install SANE drivers on macOS (sane-find-scanner, scanimage -L, TWAINBridge.app reinstall, open /System/Library/Image Capture/Devices/TWAINBridge.app, SANE > Open Scanner)
SwingSane - Java SANE client
The MacPorts Project -- Available Ports
David Poole: Scanning from Apple AirPrint + AirScan
phpSANE download | SourceForge.net - SANE frontend in PHP
SimulPiscator/AirSane: Apple AirScan compatible SANE web frontend. - Install that frontend on the device where SANE backend are used (where the USB scanner is connected) to share the scanner over AirScan See also David Poole: Scanning from Apple AirPrint + AirScan`
Snac - Mac OSX GUI for SANE scanimage
TWAIN Scanners in OS X Maverick (and Yosemite) | janegil.net - TWAINBridge Maverick Fix, not useful on macOS 10.11 due to SIP
Axel-Erfurt/Sane-OSX-Xojo: Sane Scanner GUI with Xojo - SANE frontend written in Xojo include support of tesseract (OCR lib)
- News - Axel Schneider - good old music
fixed : use unsupported scanner in OSX 10.11 El_Capitan | MacManus.nl

Automator

localization - How to use AppleScript’s “localized string” inside an Automator workflow - Stack Overflow

Delete core dump files

In /cores folder

Only deletes core files older than 24 hours.

find /cores -name "core.*" -ctime 1 -delete

Use cron or launchd

Remove hidden core dump files to restore drive space - Mac OS X Hints

Screens and monitors

Custom screen resolution or HiDPI

OSCAR LCD Panel 1024 × 768 (HiDPI) fix

Find screen DisplayVendorID and DisplayProductID

ioreg -l -w0 -d0 -r -c AppleDisplay

Or in IORegistryExplorer (/Developer/Applications/Utilities/IORegistryExplorer.app) or IOJones, something like IOService:/AppleACPIPlatformExpert/PCI0@0/AppleACPIPCI/P0P2@1/IOPP/GFX0@0/NVDA,Display-B@1/NVDA/display0/AppleDisplay

IOService:/AppleACPIPlatformExpert/PCI0@0/AppleACPIPCI/P0P2@1/IOPP/GFX0@0/NVDA,Display-A@0/NVDA/display0/AppleBacklightDisplay is for built-in screen on Macbook Pro.

Map to /System/Library/Displays/Overrides/DisplayVendorID-XXXXX/DisplayProductID-YYYYY where XXXXX and YYYYY are 1 to N hexa char

Icon can be change be changed in /System/Library/Displays/Overrides/Icons.plist.

EDID can be override with IODisplayEDID. See [HOW TO] Advanced EDID Injection - Graphics Cards - InsanelyMac Forum

Problems

In log `org.freedesktop.dbus-system` `Service exited with abnormal code: 1`

Shutdown

pmset -g
log show --predicate 'eventMessage contains "Previous shutdown cause"' --last 24h
MacBook Pro's shutting down in sleep | Discussion | Jamf Nation
How Power Nap works on your Mac - Apple Support

DSLR as a webcam

Aka camera as webcam

For Linux use gphoto2 -> ffmpeg -> v4l2loopback. See How to use your DSLR from 2008 as a webcam in 2022 (NixOS) (see also this post on Hacker News)

Old, use Camtwist and Syphon or an OBS plugin:

Java

Java 8 is the only supported version which runs applets
/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/A/Commands/java is Apple's Java version. Keep it. (/usr/libexec/java_home and /usr/bin/java point to it). See "Do NOT remove any content in the JavaVM.framework"
/System/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/ is JDK location where Apple's Java 6 is installed (still the case?)
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/ default location of JDK installs
/usr/libexec/java_home -V get list of installed installed JVMs

Install JDK with sudo port install openjdk14 or download it from JDK Builds from Oracle. See also:

Uninstall Oracle Java by deleting the plug-in file (JRE, for applets):

sudo rm -rf "/Library/Internet Plug-Ins/JavaAppletPlugin.plugin"
sudo rm -rf "/Library/PreferencePanes/JavaControlPanel.prefpane"
sudo rm -fr "~/Library/Application Support/Oracle/Java"

Uninstall Oracle Java JDK:

sudo rm -rf "/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-interim.update.patch.jdk"

macOS is Unix

And mostly POSIX-compatible

Screen capture

Aka screen cast, screenshot

Virtualization

Running Windows/ARM on Apple Silicon Macs via UTM

Interoperability

Troubleshooting

ANS2 Recoverable Panic

panic(cpu 0 caller 0xfffffff025234744): ANS2 Recoverable Panic - assert failed: [14083]:low wA f7 i2070711 s3131392 n16 d0 w1.5 tGC6 tL30, d:0x12401, a2:0x42f0000, a3:0x60000000 - power(13)
assert failed: [14083]:low wA f7 i2070711 s3131392 n16 d0 w1.5 tGC6 tL30, d:0x12401, a2:0x42f0000, a3:0x60000000
RTKit: RTKit_iOS-1827.140.2.release - Client: t8012.release-AppleStorageProcessorANS2-1274.100.6~1055~1274.100.6~1055

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In log `org.freedesktop.dbus-system` `Service exited with abnormal code: 1`